什么是埃博拉病毒病及其傳染方式

 　　What is Ebola virus disease (EVD)?

　　問：什么是埃博拉病毒病(EVD)?

　　Ebola virus disease (also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever) is a severe, often-fatal disease caused by infection with a species of Ebola virus. EVD is a severe acute viral illness often characterized by the sudden onset of fever, intense weakness, muscle pain, headache and sore throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhea, rash, impaired kidney and liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding.

　　埃博拉病毒病(也稱埃博拉出血熱)是一種由埃博拉病毒引起的急性的、嚴(yán)重的致死率高的傳染病。埃博拉出血熱臨床表現(xiàn)為突起發(fā)熱、極度乏力、肌肉痛、頭痛和咽喉痛，隨后會(huì)出現(xiàn)嘔吐、腹瀉、皮疹、腎臟和肝臟功能受損，有些病例會(huì)同時(shí)有內(nèi)出血和外出血。

　　Outbreaks of Ebola outbreaks have occurred sporadically in parts of Africa, South America, the Middle East and Eastern Europe. It is a severe, often fatal disease in humans with fatality rates ranging up to 90%.

　　埃博拉出血熱在非洲部分地區(qū)、南美、中東和東歐已有零星爆發(fā)，表現(xiàn)為嚴(yán)重的、致死率可高達(dá)90%的疾病。

　　How is it transmitted?

　　問：這個(gè)疾病是如何傳染的?

　　Ebola is spread through direct contact with blood or body fluids (such as saliva or urine) of an infected person or animal, or through contact with objects that have been contaminated with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person, dead or alive. Transmission is believed to occur via contact with mucous membranes and non-intact skin (i.e., rashes, cuts, etc.). Risk of infection by inhalation of contaminated aerosols by healthcare workers has not been documented, but thought to be low at this time based on case history evidence.

　　人可以通過密切接觸感染者或動(dòng)物的血液及體液(如唾液或尿液)，或通過直接接觸被患者血液或其它體液以及尸體污染的物品而感染?？梢源_認(rèn)的傳染途徑是粘膜或受損皮膚(即皮疹或有傷口)的直接接觸，目前尚未有記載證明醫(yī)護(hù)人員有經(jīng)呼吸道吸入污染的氣溶膠被感染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，基于現(xiàn)有的證據(jù)，可以認(rèn)為經(jīng)空氣傳播的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)是低的。 Ebola virus is easily killed by soap, bleach, sunlight, or drying. Machine washing clothes that have been contaminated with fluids will destroy Ebola virus. Ebola virus survives only a short time on surfaces that are in the sun or have dried.1

　　使用肥皂、漂水、日曬或烘干都能很容易地殺滅埃博拉病毒，被體液污染衣物上的病毒經(jīng)過機(jī)洗后也將被消滅，在受日照或干燥的物體表面上，病毒僅能存活很短的時(shí)間。